Rapa Nui is the Polynesian name of Easter Island; its Spanish name is Isla de Pascua. Social control vanished as the ordered way of life gave way to lawlessness and predatory bands as the warrior class took over. Some of the moai were also carved from red scoria. Rome2rio is a door-to-door travel information and booking engine, helping you get to and from any location in the world. The youngest lava flow, Roiho, is dated at 0.11 Ma. Culture, adventure and a paradise destination to rest are just a part of what awaits you on It is believed that Easter Island's Polynesian inhabitants arrived on Easter Island sometime near 1200. Within these habitats, two holotypes and paratypes, Antennarius randalli and Antennarius moai, were discovered. Its conservation value is dictated by the archaeological investigations of the important intangible value of its cultural heritage. On the first of December 2017, the ex-President Michelle Bachelet returned ancestral lands in the form of the Rapa Nui National Park to the indigenous people. Katherine Routledge, who systematically collected the island's traditions in her 1919 expedition,[33] showed that the competitions for Bird Man (Rapa Nui: tangata manu) started around 1760, after the arrival of the first Europeans, and ended in 1878, with the construction of the first church by Roman Catholic missionaries who formally arrived in 1864. [82] Human bones have not been found in earth ovens other than those behind the religious platforms, indicating that cannibalism in Easter Island was a ritualistic practice. Particular forms include:[107]. Some 50 of the statues were re-erected in modern times. The phrase appears to have been used in the same sense as the designation of "Land's End" at the tip of Cornwall. There’s no inhabited spot in the world quite so isolated as Chilean Polynesia. The high chief was the eldest descendant through first-born lines of the island's legendary founder, Hotu Matu'a. Rome2rio makes travelling from Chile to Rapa Nui easy. [36] Among those captured were the island's paramount chief, his heir, and those who knew how to read and write the rongorongo script, the only Polynesian script to have been found to date, although debate exists about whether this is proto-writing or true writing. At their time of arrival, the island had one lone settler, Nga Tavake 'a Te Rona. Lava domes and a vent complex formed in the Maunga Puka area, while breccias formed along the vents on the western portion of Rano Aroi crater. Chile South America Formerly known as Easter Island and declared an Unesco World Heritage Site, Rapa Nui is also a National Park which belongs to Chile, filled with cultural attractions and archaeological sites, as well as unforgettable landscapes. He sent several pieces of genuine Rongorongo to his niece's husband, the German consul in Valparaíso, Chile. It was believed that the living had a symbiotic relationship with the dead in which the dead provided everything that the living needed (health, fertility of land and animals, fortune etc.) West wrote, "Sometime before the arrival of Europeans on Easter Island, the Rapanui experienced a tremendous upheaval in their social system brought about by a change in their island's ecology... By the time of European arrival in 1722, the island's population had dropped to 2,000–3,000 from a high of approximately 15,000 just a century earlier. The lowest temperatures are recorded in July and August (minimum 15 °C or 59 °F) and the highest in February (maximum temperature 28 °C or 82 °F[59]), the summer season in the southern hemisphere. Roggeveen named it Paasch-Eyland (18th-century Dutch for "Easter Island"). Rapa Nui National Park (Spanish: Parque nacional Rapa Nui) is a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site located on Easter Island, Chile. Native groups h… (eds.) The Rapa Nui people had a Stone Age culture and made extensive use of local stone: The large stone statues, or moai, for which Easter Island is famous, were carved in the period 1100–1680 AD (rectified radio-carbon dates). Easter Island (Rapa Nui: Rapa Nui, Spanish: Isla de Pascua) is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. [44] On 30 July 2007, a constitutional reform gave Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands (also known as Robinson Crusoe Island) the status of "special territories" of Chile. Significant ecological impacts and major cultural investments in monumental architecture and statuary thus began soon after initial settlement."[20][21]. Glyphs include pictographic and geometric shapes; the texts were incised in wood in reverse boustrophedon direction. No one was injured in the incident. Given the island's southern latitude, the climatic effects of the Little Ice Age (about 1650 to 1850) may have exacerbated deforestation, although this remains speculative. RAPA NUI (Easterisland, Chile) 8.2 Power place . [72] It is now being studied for extending longevity in mice. [9][10] The island's official Spanish name, Isla de Pascua, also means "Easter Island". [3] The park is triangular in shape and has a length of 23 km (14 mi) and a width of 11 km (6.8 mi). [70] Potential breeding areas for fin whales have been detected off northeast of the island as well.[71]. Easter Island, Rapa Nui, Chile | Patagonia Chile Adventures They cultivate bananas, sugar cane, and above all sweet potatoes." [113] In 2002, 60% were persons of indigenous Rapa Nui origin, 39% were mainland Chileans (or their Easter Island-born descendants) of European (mostly Spanish) or mestizo (mixed European and indigenous Chilean Amerindian) origin and Easter Island-born mestizos of European and Rapa Nui and/or native Chilean descent, and the remaining 1% were indigenous mainland Chilean Amerindians (or their Easter Island-born descendants). [5] A harmonious blend of conservation activities in the reserve areas (including monoliths and structures) with agricultural activities, livestock grazing, orchards and traditional fishing sites has evolved in the integrated management plans for the island. [19]:60–64, Four years later, in 1774, British explorer James Cook visited Easter Island; he reported that some statues had been toppled. Designs and images were carved out of rock for a variety of reasons: to create totems, to mark territory, or to memorialize a person or event. For example, he states, to severely insult an enemy one would say, "The flesh of your mother sticks between my teeth." At least six species of land birds were known to live on the island. Rapa Nui is covered by Chile’s ratification of ILO convention 169 in 2008, which went into effect in 2009. They knew exactly where to take to us for the best experience and had access to some special places. In ancient times the only species of tree found here was Sophora toromiro which is now extinct on the island; it is a species related to the Chilean palm, Jubaea chilensis. Occasionally, heavy rainfall and rainstorms strike the island. [61] There is significant temperature moderation due to its isolated position in the middle of the ocean. The ridge was formed by the Nazca Plate moving over the Easter hotspot. Easter Island and Sala y Gómez are surface representations of that chain. [5] Its elevation varies from sea level to 300 m (980 ft). In 1999, a voyage with reconstructed Polynesian boats was able to reach Easter Island from Mangareva in 19 days. While sculpting was going on, the volcanic stone was splashed with water to soften it. According to oral tradition, the first settlement was at Anakena. This would fit the legend of the Mo'ai 'walking' to their final locations. The Hanga O Teo embayment is interpreted to be a 200 m high landslide scarp. The earliest inhabitants of the island called it "Te Pito o TeHenua" (the navel/end of the world). The name "Easter Island" was given by the island's first recorded European visitor, the Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen, who encountered it on Easter Sunday (5 April) in 1722, while searching for "Davis Land". [53] Poike used to be a separate island until volcanic material from Terevaka united it to the larger whole. Other cultural activities include a musical tradition that combines South American and Polynesian influences and woodcarving. There are also only a couple of similarities with the petroglyphs on the island. Benny Peiser[4] noted evidence of self-sufficiency when Europeans first arrived. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, a voyage with reconstructed Polynesian boats, Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "From Genocide to Ecocide: The Rape of Rapa Nui", "Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas - REDATAM Procesamiento y diseminación", "Welcome to Rapa Nui – Isla de Pascua – Easter Island", "Voyage à l'Ile de Pâques (Océan Pacifique)", "Mata Ki Te Rangi: Eyes towards the Heavens", "Reconciling Conflicting Phylogenies in the Origin of Sweet Potato and Dispersal to Polynesia", the picture's page at the National Maritime Museum's collections' web site, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, "Sentinels in Stone – The Collapse of Easter Island's Culture", "Collapse of island's demographics in the 1860s and 1870s", Pinochet no asiste a la inauguración de la pista de la isla de Pascua, https://web.archive.org/web/20071001104310/http://www.bcn.cl/leyes/pdf/original/263040.pdf, "Two New Species of Frogfishes (Antennaridae) from Easter Island", "Why Easter Island is limiting the number of days tourists can stay", "Police evict Rapa Nui clan from Easter Island hotel", "Rapanui: Protests Continue Against The Hotel Hanga Roa", "Giving Care to the Motherland: conflicting narratives of Rapanui", "Easter Island land dispute clashes leave dozens injured", Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, "The Petrogenetic Evolution of Lavas from Easter Island and Neighbouring Seamounts, Near-ridge Hotspot Volcanoes in the SE Pacific", Rapanui: Edmunds and Bryan Photograph Collection, "Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos", "CLIMAT summary for 85469: Isla de Pascua (Chile) – Section 2: Monthly Normals", "Klimatafel von Mataveri / Osterinsel (Isla de Pascua) / Chile", "Marine mammals of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Salas y Gómez Island (Motu Motiro Hiva), Chile: a review and new records", "Sighting of the fin whale in the Eastern Subtropical South Pacific: Potential breeding ground? [115], Easter Island's indigenous Rapa Nui toponymy has survived with few Spanish additions or replacements, a fact that has been attributed in part to the survival of the Rapa Nui language.[119]. [5] Its biogeographic and ecological history has undergone a sea change from what existed in the ancient days when there were palm trees and a broad leaf forest. Part of the problem is the small amount that has survived: only two dozen texts, none of which remain on the island. One of the described cases is the Rapa Nui from the Easter Islands in Chile; The Rapa Nui people are the original inhabitants of Rapa Nui/Te Pito o Te Henua, also known as Easter Island. The filling of an ahu was sourced locally (apart from broken, old moai, fragments of which have been used in the fill). [24]:296–297 The language most similar to Rapa Nui is Mangarevan, with an estimated 80% similar vocabulary. [3], Though declared a national park in 1935, the first management plan (by CONAF) was not implemented until the 1980s. Of impressive size and form, they are normally built close to the coast and parallel to it. The eastern portion of the island belonged to the 'Otu 'Itu. [39] From that point on, the island's population slowly recovered. During the time of the epidemics they made mass graves that were semi-pyramidal stone structures. Other species recorded are of introduced varieties. Only a quarter of the statues were installed. Fossil evidence indicates six species of landbirds (two rails, two parrots, one owl, and one heron), all of which have become extinct. [47], Starting in August 2010, members of the indigenous Hitorangi clan occupied the Hangaroa Eco Village and Spa. Easter Island is a tiny piece of land located in the south east of the Pacific Ocean, it is best known for its 887 giant statues called moai created by the Polynesian indigenous Rapa Nui . Petroglyphs are pictures carved into rock, and Easter Island has one of the richest collections in all Polynesia. Easter Island is most famous for its nearly 1,000 extant monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapa Nui people. [3][4] It is home to an extinct megalithic culture which is seen in the form of edifices of huge statues called "moai" made out of volcanic rocks. [78] Influenced by Heyerdahl's romantic interpretation of Easter's history, Diamond insists that the disappearance of the island's trees seems to coincide with a decline of its civilization around the 17th and 18th centuries. An English translation of the originally Dutch journal by Jacob Roggeveen, with additional significant information from the log by Cornelis Bouwman, was published in: Andrew Sharp (ed. Population at the 2012 census was 5,761 (increased from 3,791 in 2002). [24] His visit resulted in the death of about a dozen islanders, including the tumu ivi 'atua, and the wounding of many others. This was an attempt by competing groups to destroy the socio-spiritual power, or mana, represented by statues, making sure to break them in the fall to ensure they were dead and without power. Beverly Haun wrote, "The concept of mana (power) invested in hereditary leaders was recast into the person of the birdman, apparently beginning circa 1540, and coinciding with the final vestiges of the moai period. Researchers have noted that the Caleta Anakena landing point provides the island's best shelter from prevailing swells as well as a sandy beach for canoe landings and launchings, so it is a likely early place of settlement. Ahu are stone platforms. The Chilean leg of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series takes place on the Island of Rapa Nui. Settlements also contain hare moa ("chicken house"), oblong stone structures that housed chickens. The island was taken over by Chile in 1888. Around 70% of the population were natives. The stone chisels were sharpened by chipping off a new edge when dulled. [68] Such colonies are no longer found on the main island. Felipe González de Ahedo named it Isla de San Carlos ("Saint Charles' Island", the patron saint of Charles III of Spain) or Isla de David (probably the phantom island of Davis Land; sometimes translated as "Davis's Island"[17]) in 1770. Under the Köppen climate classification, the climate of Easter Island is classified as a tropical rainforest climate (Af) that borders on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). [41], Following the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that brought Augusto Pinochet to power, Easter Island was placed under martial law. In August 2018, a law took effect prohibiting non-Rapa Nui people from staying on the island for more than 30 days. Digital recreation of its ancient landscape, with tropical forest and palm trees, The immunosuppressant drug sirolimus was first discovered in the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus in a soil sample from Easter Island. Many caves feature in the myths and legends of the Rapa Nui. [114] As of 2012[update] the population density on Easter Island was only 35 inhabitants per square kilometre (91/sq mi). [3] Barbara A. Outer slope of the Rano Raraku volcano, the quarry of the moai with many uncompleted statues. Like its Chilean counterpart it probably took close to 100 years to reach adult height. This would serve to provide a better centre of gravity for transport. It has been established by carbon dating that this species of tree existed on the island till the 17th century. On the first of December 2017, the ex-President Michelle Bachelet returned ancestral lands in the form of the Rapa Nui National Park to the indigenous people. The Rapa Nui National Park is now under the administrative control of the Ma´u Henua Polynesian Indigenous Community, which is the first autonomous institute on the island. According to some theories, such as the Polynesian Diaspora Theory, there is a possibility that early Polynesian settlers arrived from South America due to their remarkable sea-navigation abilities. For the first time in history, the revenue generated by the National Park is invested in the island and used to conserve the natural heritage. Jared Diamond suggested that cannibalism took place on Easter Island after the construction of the moai contributed to environmental degradation when extreme deforestation destabilized an already precarious ecosystem. Administratively, the island is a province of the Valparaíso Region and contains a single commune (comuna). [38] Those who remained were mostly older men. A retaining rear wall several feet high, usually facing the sea, A front wall made of rectangular basalt slabs called, A fascia made of red scoria that went over the front wall (platforms built after 1300), A sloping ramp in the inland part of the platform, extending outward like wings, A pavement of even-sized, round water-worn stones called, A paved plaza before the ahu. Sediment samples document that up to half of the native plants had become extinct and that the vegetation of the island drastically altered. [34], The first recorded European contact with the island was on 5 April 1722, Easter Sunday, by Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen. Rapa Nui Easter Island Culture | Polynesian Cultural Center However, most married a Rapa Nui spouse. In 1995, UNESCO named Easter Island a World Heritage Site, with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park. About a quarter of the island's population succumbed along with him. By 1838, the only standing moai were on the slopes of Rano Raraku, in Hoa Hakananai'a in Orongo, and Ariki Paro in Ahu Te Pito Kura. Rapa Nui or Rapanui (/ ˌ r æ p ə ˈ n uː i /), also known as Pascuan (/ ˈ p æ s k j u ə n /) or Pascuense, is an Eastern Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family. [97][98], Tukuturi, an unusual bearded kneeling moai, All fifteen standing moai at Ahu Tongariki, excavated and restored in the 1990s, Ahu Akivi, one of the few inland ahu, with the only moai facing the ocean. The clearance of the palms to make the settlements led to their extinction almost 350 years ago. These were then covered with a layer of totora reed, followed by a layer of woven sugarcane leaves, and lastly a layer of woven grass. The park is under IUCN Management Category II in southeastern Polynesia. It is supposed[115] that the 2,700 indigenous Rapa Nui living in the island have a certain degree of knowledge of their traditional language; however, census data does not exist on the primary known and spoken languages among Easter Island's inhabitants and there are recent claims that the number of fluent speakers is as low as 800. These include the cryptodome islets of Motu Nui and Motu Iti, the islet of Motu Kao Kao, the sheet intrusion of Te Kari Kari, the perlitic obsidian Te Manavai dome and the Maunga Orito dome. [3] Also noted in the lower level of the Rano Raraku crater are tall bulrushes and Scirpus tautara that were probably introduced by seafarers from South America. After the Spanish visit, from 1770 onwards, a period of statue toppling, huri mo'ai, commenced. [25], According to oral traditions recorded by missionaries in the 1860s, the island originally had a strong class system: an ariki, or high chief, wielded great power over nine other clans and their respective chiefs. In 1995, UNESCO named Easter Island a World Heritage Site, with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park. Although some may believe that rats played a major role in the degradation of the forest, less than 10% of palm nuts show teeth marks from rats. This was called. Hotu's heir, Tu'u ma Heke, was born on the island. Rano Kau developed between 0.78 and 0.46 Ma from tholeiitic to alkalic basalts. The island was taken over by Chile in 1888. The tuff contains lithic fragments of older lava flows. Tapati Rapa Nui festival ("week festival" in the local language) is an annual two-week long festival celebrating Easter Island culture. The island is about 24.6 km (15 1⁄4 mi) long by 12.3 km (7 3⁄4 mi) at its widest point; its overall shape is triangular. By the 18th century, islanders were largely sustained by farming, with domestic chickens as the primary source of protein.[31]. With the loss of the trees, there was a sudden drop in the quantities of fish bones found in middens as the islanders lost the means to construct fishing vessels, coinciding with a large increase in bird bones. [102], Makemake with two birdmen, carved from red scoria. Easter Island. The northwest sector of Rano Raraku contains reddish volcanic ash. "[32] This cult maintained that, although the ancestors still provided for their descendants, the medium through which the living could contact the dead was no longer statues but human beings chosen through a competition. According to National Geographic, "Most scholars suspect that the moai were created to honor ancestors, chiefs, or other important personages, However, no written and little oral history exists on the island, so it’s impossible to be certain."[27]. Easter Island Chile Moai Statues - Isla de Pascua - Rapa Nui On 22 March 1996 UNESCO designated it a World Heritage Site of cultural significance under criteria (i), (iii), & (v). As the island was isolated there are many endemic species of animals and plants. When a ceremony took place, "eyes" were placed on the statues. The movement for independence was started in 1964 and following this the lease for sheep farming was terminated during the 1980s and the entire island was declared a historic park. In 1786 Jean-François de La Pérouse visited Easter Island and his gardener declared that "three days' work a year" would be enough to support the population. This volcano possesses a clearly defined summit caldera. ", "EASTER ISLAND: MORE THAN JUST STATUES- Tapati Festival on Rapa Nui", Primeros datos del Censo: Hay 37.626 mujeres más que hombres en la V Región, "TC allana camino para modificar ley que atenúa penas por violación y abuso sexual en Rapa Nui", "Were rats behind Easter Island mystery? Walk around every part of the Despite being 3700km from the mainland, Rapa Nui is considered part of the region of Valparaíso. A carving was abandoned when a large, dense and hard lithic fragment was encountered. [6] The park was created by the Chilean Government in 1935. [116] Indeed, Rapa Nui has been suffering processes of decline and hispanicization, because the island is under the jurisdiction of Chile and is now home to a number of Chilean continentals, most of whom speak only Spanish. [46], In 2018, the government decided to limit the stay period for tourists from 90 to 30 days because of social and environmental issues faced by the Island to preserve its historical importance. [81] Cannibalism, however, was widespread across Polynesian cultures. In the 19th century, a Tahitian visitor who thought the island resembled Rapa but was bigger (nui means big), gave it the Polynesian name "Rapa Nui". Chile is an incredible destination, where the impossible is possible. Studies have shown fractures along the bases of the statues in transport; these could have arisen from rocking the statue back and forth and placing great pressures on the edges. Easter Island is served by Mataveri International Airport, with jet service (currently Boeing 787s) from LATAM Chile and, seasonally, subsidiaries such as LATAM Perú. [67] The toromiro tree (Sophora toromiro) was prehistorically present on Easter Island, but is now extinct in the wild. Easter Island's latitude is similar to that of Caldera, Chile, and it lies 3,510 km (2,180 mi) west of continental Chile at its nearest point (between Lota and Lebu in the Biobío Region). The park experiences a warm sub-tropical climate[5] with southeast trade winds from October to April. The island and neighbouring Motu Nui are riddled with caves, many of which show signs of past human use for planting and as fortifications, including narrowed entrances and crawl spaces with ambush points. Nunn (1999, 2003); Orliac and Orliac (1998), harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFlenleyBahn2003 (. [11] The park also has a few petroglyphs and paintings.[11]. Out of these 111 Rapa Nui, only 36 had descendants, and all of today's Rapa Nui claim descent from those 36. The population of the island which was 2,770 in 1972 rose to 3,792 by 2002, mostly concentrated in the capital. [55], Located about 350 km east of the East Pacific Rise, Easter Island lies within the Nazca Plate, bordering the Easter Microplate. Easter Island was annexed by Chile on 9 September 1888 by Policarpo Toro by means of the "Treaty of Annexation of the Island" (Tratado de Anexión de la isla). Hotel. Lesser cones and other volcanic features include the crater Rano Raraku, the cinder cone Puna Pau and many volcanic caves including lava tubes. A large extinct palm, Paschalococos disperta, related to the Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis), was one of the dominant trees as attested by fossil evidence. As of 2011[update] a special charter for the island was under discussion in the Chilean Congress. Easter Island, together with its closest neighbour, the tiny island of Isla Sala y Gómez 415 kilometres (258 mi) farther east, is recognized by ecologists as a distinct ecoregion, the Rapa Nui subtropical broadleaf forests. There are distinct variations around the island in the frequency of themes among petroglyphs, with a concentration of Birdmen at Orongo. [111] The Tapati is centered around a competition between two families/ clans competing in various competitions to earn points.
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